9+ Lincoln Property Tax Rates & Appeals 2024


9+ Lincoln Property Tax Rates & Appeals 2024

The levy imposed on actual property throughout the metropolis limits of Lincoln, Nebraska, funds important municipal companies. These companies embody very important areas similar to public security (police and fireplace departments), infrastructure upkeep (roads and bridges), public schooling, and parks and recreation. For instance, a house owner’s annual cost contributes on to the operational finances of those essential metropolis capabilities.

Steady and predictable income generated via these actual property levies is key to a well-functioning metropolis. It allows long-term planning and funding in infrastructure initiatives, making certain the continued supply of companies and enhancing the standard of life for residents. Traditionally, such levies have performed a big position within the improvement and progress of municipalities, offering the monetary basis for important public companies.

This exploration will delve additional into particular elements, together with how these assessments are calculated, cost strategies, exemptions, and assets accessible to property house owners. Understanding these particulars is essential for property house owners and anybody within the monetary mechanisms supporting town’s operations.

1. Evaluation

Property evaluation types the muse of the Lincoln property tax system. Carried out by the Lancaster County Assessor’s Workplace, this course of determines the market worth of every property throughout the metropolis limits. This valuation serves as the premise for calculating the tax legal responsibility. The next assessed worth usually leads to a better tax burden, whereas a decrease assessed worth results in a decrease tax. For instance, two an identical houses positioned in numerous neighborhoods might need differing assessments primarily based on components like latest gross sales knowledge of their respective areas, impacting their respective tax payments.

The evaluation course of considers varied components, together with property measurement, location, age, situation, and up to date comparable gross sales. Assessors make the most of standardized methodologies to make sure truthful and constant valuations throughout all properties. This goal evaluation goals to distribute the tax burden equitably amongst property house owners. Understanding how assessments are carried out gives helpful insights into how tax liabilities are decided and permits property house owners to guage the equity of their very own assessments. As an illustration, understanding the methodology permits house owners to check their evaluation with related properties, probably revealing discrepancies that warrant additional investigation or attraction.

Correct and equitable assessments are essential for a practical and truthful property tax system. Challenges might come up, similar to fluctuating market circumstances or discrepancies in valuation methodologies, resulting in potential disputes. Property house owners have the precise to attraction their assessments, offering a mechanism for rectifying potential errors and making certain equity. This attraction course of underscores the significance of transparency and accountability throughout the evaluation course of and its direct hyperlink to the general equity of the Lincoln property tax system. Accessing assets and knowledge offered by the Lancaster County Assessor’s Workplace can empower property house owners to know and navigate the evaluation course of successfully.

2. Charges

Property tax charges in Lincoln, Nebraska, straight decide the quantity of tax levied on a property. These charges, expressed as a proportion or greenback quantity per assessed worth unit, are important for calculating particular person tax liabilities. Understanding how these charges are established and utilized is essential for property house owners and anybody within the monetary mechanisms of town.

  • Mill Levy

    The mill levy is a key part of Lincoln’s property tax charges. One mill represents one-tenth of 1 cent per greenback of assessed worth. For instance, a mill levy of fifty mills on a property assessed at $200,000 would end in a tax of $1,000. The mill levy is set yearly primarily based on town’s budgetary wants and the entire assessed worth of all properties inside its jurisdiction. This direct connection between budgetary necessities and the mill levy underscores the significance of fiscal accountability in setting property tax charges.

  • Taxing Authorities

    Numerous taxing authorities, together with town, county, college districts, and different particular districts, contribute to the general property tax fee. Every authority units its personal mill levy to fund its particular companies. This mixed fee determines the entire tax legal responsibility for a property. As an illustration, a property proprietor in Lincoln would possibly pay taxes to town, Lancaster County, and the native college district, every with its personal mill levy. Understanding the completely different taxing authorities and their respective levies permits property house owners to see how their taxes are distributed amongst varied authorities entities.

  • Budgetary Course of

    The institution of property tax charges is an integral a part of the annual budgetary course of. Public hearings and open discussions present alternatives for group enter and transparency. This course of goals to steadiness the necessity for income with the influence on taxpayers. As an illustration, a proposed enhance within the mill levy could be topic to public scrutiny and debate earlier than adoption. This public engagement ensures accountability and responsiveness within the rate-setting course of.

  • Impression on Property House owners

    Property tax charges straight have an effect on the monetary burden on property house owners. Increased charges end in increased tax funds, impacting affordability and probably influencing property values. Understanding the components influencing fee fluctuations, similar to adjustments in assessed values or budgetary wants, permits property house owners to anticipate and plan for potential tax will increase. Furthermore, understanding the breakdown of the mill levy between completely different taxing authorities permits taxpayers to see how their contributions assist varied public companies.

These sides of property tax charges collectively decide the monetary obligations of property house owners in Lincoln. The interaction between assessed values, mill levies, and the budgetary course of in the end shapes the tax burden. This understanding is key for knowledgeable civic engagement and accountable monetary planning for property house owners throughout the metropolis.

3. Cost

Well timed and correct cost of property taxes is essential for sustaining compliance and avoiding penalties in Lincoln, Nebraska. Understanding cost choices, deadlines, and potential penalties of non-payment is important for all property house owners. This part explores the assorted sides of the cost course of, offering a complete overview of this crucial side of property possession in Lincoln.

  • Cost Strategies

    Numerous cost strategies accommodate the varied wants of property house owners. These choices usually embrace on-line funds via the Lancaster County Treasurer’s web site, funds by mail, and in-person funds at designated places. On-line platforms provide comfort and fast transaction affirmation, whereas mail-in funds require cautious consideration to deadlines to keep away from late charges. In-person funds permit for direct interplay with county employees and fast processing. Selecting the suitable cost technique will depend on particular person preferences and circumstances.

  • Cost Deadlines

    Adhering to cost deadlines is paramount to keep away from penalties. Usually, Lincoln property taxes are due in two installments, with particular due dates for every. Lacking these deadlines can result in late cost penalties, curiosity accrual, and potential authorized motion. Understanding these deadlines and planning accordingly is essential for accountable monetary administration. As an illustration, marking due dates on calendars or organising reminders may also help property house owners keep away from pricey late charges. The Lancaster County Treasurer’s workplace gives detailed data relating to cost deadlines and potential penalties of late cost.

  • Delinquency and Penalties

    Failure to pay property taxes on time leads to delinquency. Penalties can embrace escalating penalties, curiosity prices, and potential liens on the property. In excessive circumstances, extended delinquency can result in foreclosures. Understanding the ramifications of non-payment underscores the significance of well timed cost. Assets can be found to help property house owners dealing with monetary hardship, similar to cost plans or property tax reduction applications. Looking for help proactively may also help forestall escalation into extra extreme penalties.

  • Escrow Accounts

    Many mortgage lenders require debtors to determine escrow accounts to handle property tax funds. These accounts accumulate funds all year long, making certain ample funds can be found to pay property taxes when due. Lenders usually disburse funds from escrow accounts on to the county treasurer. This method simplifies the cost course of for householders and safeguards lenders’ pursuits. Understanding the position of escrow accounts in property tax funds is essential for householders with mortgages.

Managing property tax funds successfully is an integral a part of property possession in Lincoln. Understanding the accessible cost strategies, adhering to deadlines, and being conscious of the potential penalties of delinquency ensures compliance and contributes to the monetary stability of each particular person property house owners and town as an entire. The Lancaster County Treasurer’s workplace gives complete data and assets to help property house owners in navigating the cost course of effectively and responsibly.

4. Appeals

The appeals course of performs a significant position throughout the Lincoln property tax system, providing property house owners a proper mechanism to problem assessments they imagine to be inaccurate or unfair. This course of acknowledges that valuations, whereas carried out methodically, can generally be topic to errors or discrepancies. A profitable attraction can result in a diminished evaluation and, consequently, decrease property taxes. As an illustration, if a property’s evaluation displays a considerably increased worth than comparable properties in the identical neighborhood on account of an error in knowledge entry, the proprietor can provoke an attraction to rectify the discrepancy. The flexibility to attraction gives a crucial safeguard towards probably extreme or inequitable tax burdens.

A number of grounds can justify an attraction. These embrace demonstrable errors within the evaluation, similar to incorrect property dimensions or options, adjustments within the property’s situation that diminish its worth, or discrepancies in comparison with latest gross sales of comparable properties. Presenting compelling proof supporting the declare is essential for a profitable attraction. This proof would possibly embrace images, appraisal experiences, or documentation of latest gross sales knowledge for comparable properties. The appeals course of usually entails submitting a proper utility to the Lancaster County Assessor’s Workplace inside a specified timeframe and, probably, attending a listening to to current the case earlier than a overview board. Understanding the required documentation and procedures is important for navigating the appeals course of successfully.

Navigating the appeals course of successfully requires meticulous preparation and a transparent understanding of the related laws. Property house owners ought to seek the advice of assets offered by the Lancaster County Assessor or search skilled recommendation from tax consultants or actual property attorneys to make sure they’re well-prepared. A profitable attraction not solely reduces the person property proprietor’s tax burden but in addition contributes to the general equity and accuracy of the Lincoln property tax system. This course of reinforces accountability throughout the evaluation course of and ensures that property valuations precisely replicate market circumstances and particular person property traits.

5. Exemptions

Sure properties inside Lincoln, Nebraska, qualify for exemptions from property tax, both partially or totally, lowering or eliminating the tax burden. These exemptions serve particular social, financial, or public coverage aims, usually benefiting explicit teams or property sorts deemed deserving of tax reduction. Understanding these exemptions is essential for eligible property house owners and gives helpful perception into the broader social and financial issues embedded throughout the property tax system.

  • Homestead Exemption

    The homestead exemption reduces the taxable worth of a main residence, offering tax reduction for owner-occupants. Eligibility standards usually embrace possession and occupancy of the property as a main residence. This exemption goals to advertise homeownership and affordability. For instance, a qualifying house owner would possibly obtain a discount within the assessed worth of their residence, resulting in a decrease tax invoice. This reduction will be notably important for householders on fastened incomes or in areas with excessive property values.

  • Exemptions for Disabled Veterans and Seniors

    Sure disabled veterans and senior residents might qualify for extra property tax exemptions, recognizing their particular circumstances and contributions to society. These exemptions goal to alleviate the monetary burden on these weak populations. As an illustration, a disabled veteran assembly particular standards would possibly obtain a considerable discount of their property tax legal responsibility, easing monetary pressure and recognizing their service. The precise eligibility standards and exemption quantities can range primarily based on state and native laws.

  • Nonprofit Organizations

    Properties owned and operated by nonprofit organizations serving charitable, academic, spiritual, or different public profit functions typically qualify for tax exemptions. This exemption acknowledges the dear companies these organizations present to the group and encourages their continued operation. For instance, a church, a hospital, or a personal college could be exempt from property taxes, permitting them to allocate extra assets towards their core missions. The exemption usually applies solely to properties straight used for the group’s tax-exempt goal.

  • Agricultural Land

    Agricultural land actively used for farming or ranching would possibly qualify for preferential evaluation or tax exemptions, recognizing the significance of agriculture to the native economic system and the distinctive challenges confronted by agricultural producers. These provisions goal to protect farmland and assist agricultural actions. As an illustration, a household farm could be assessed at its agricultural worth quite than its potential improvement worth, leading to considerably decrease property taxes. This preferential remedy encourages the continuation of agricultural operations and helps keep open areas.

These exemptions signify a vital part of the Lincoln property tax system, reflecting broader social and financial coverage objectives. Whereas lowering the tax base to some extent, they goal to supply focused reduction to particular teams and promote fascinating social outcomes, similar to homeownership, assist for veterans and seniors, and the viability of nonprofit organizations and agricultural actions. Understanding these exemptions gives a extra full image of how the property tax system operates and its influence on varied segments of the Lincoln group.

6. Deadlines

Adhering to cost deadlines is essential for managing property tax obligations in Lincoln, Nebraska. Lacking these deadlines can result in penalties, curiosity accrual, and potential authorized motion, impacting property house owners’ monetary well-being. Understanding the assorted deadlines and their implications is important for accountable property possession throughout the metropolis.

  • First Installment Deadline

    The primary installment of Lincoln property taxes is usually due on Might 1st. This deadline marks the primary half of the annual property tax cost. For instance, if the entire annual property tax is $2,000, the primary installment can be $1,000, due on Might 1st. Failure to satisfy this deadline triggers penalties, calculated as a proportion of the unpaid quantity. Immediate cost of the primary installment avoids these penalties and maintains compliance.

  • Second Installment Deadline

    The second installment of Lincoln property taxes is usually due on September 1st. This deadline marks the second half of the annual property tax cost. Utilizing the earlier instance, the second installment of $1,000 can be due on September 1st. Just like the primary installment, lacking this deadline leads to penalties and curiosity prices. Well timed cost of each installments ensures full compliance and avoids monetary repercussions.

  • Enchantment Deadlines

    Deadlines additionally govern the appeals course of for property tax assessments. Property house owners wishing to problem their assessments should submit their appeals inside a specified timeframe, normally shortly after receiving their evaluation notices. Lacking this deadline forfeits the precise to attraction, probably leaving property house owners with an inaccurate or unfair evaluation. Adhering to attraction deadlines is important for safeguarding property house owners’ rights and making certain correct valuations.

  • Implications of Lacking Deadlines

    The results of lacking property tax deadlines will be important. Penalties usually accrue as a proportion of the unpaid quantity for every month previous the due date. Curiosity prices additionally accumulate on the excellent steadiness. Extended delinquency can result in liens being positioned on the property, jeopardizing possession. In excessive circumstances, the county might provoke foreclosures proceedings to recuperate unpaid taxes. Understanding these potential penalties underscores the crucial significance of assembly all cost and attraction deadlines.

Managing property tax deadlines successfully is key to accountable property possession in Lincoln. Consciousness of those deadlines, coupled with proactive planning and well timed funds, ensures compliance and avoids potential monetary and authorized ramifications. Using on-line assets, setting reminders, and consulting with tax professionals can help property house owners in assembly their obligations and navigating the complexities of the property tax system.

7. On-line Assets

On-line assets have change into indispensable for navigating the complexities of property taxes in Lincoln, Nebraska. These digital platforms present handy entry to crucial data, streamlining processes and empowering property house owners to handle their tax obligations effectively. Leveraging these assets enhances transparency, reduces reliance on conventional paper-based strategies, and promotes knowledgeable decision-making.

  • Lancaster County Assessor’s Web site

    The Lancaster County Assessor’s web site serves as a central hub for property-related data. Property house owners can entry evaluation information, property particulars, comparable gross sales knowledge, and details about the appeals course of. As an illustration, a property proprietor can view their property’s assessed worth, evaluate it with related properties of their neighborhood, and obtain types for interesting an evaluation. This on-line entry fosters transparency and facilitates knowledgeable engagement with the evaluation course of.

  • Lancaster County Treasurer’s Web site

    The Lancaster County Treasurer’s web site gives important data relating to property tax funds. Property house owners can view their tax payments, make on-line funds, entry cost historical past, and study cost deadlines and penalties. This platform streamlines the cost course of, providing handy choices and fast affirmation. For instance, property house owners can arrange computerized funds or entry their cost historical past to trace their tax obligations. This on-line accessibility enhances effectivity and reduces the chance of missed funds.

  • Nebraska Division of Income Web site

    The Nebraska Division of Income web site affords helpful assets relating to state-level property tax laws, exemptions, and applications. Property house owners can entry details about homestead exemptions, property tax reduction applications for veterans and seniors, and different related state laws. This useful resource enhances the county-level data, offering a complete understanding of the property tax panorama. Accessing state-level steering clarifies eligibility standards for varied applications and ensures compliance with state laws.

  • Metropolis of Lincoln Web site

    The Metropolis of Lincoln web site gives details about town’s finances, property tax charges, and the allocation of tax income. Understanding how property taxes contribute to metropolis companies and the budgetary course of promotes knowledgeable civic engagement. As an illustration, property house owners can entry details about town’s mill levy, perceive how it’s decided, and see how tax income is allotted to varied metropolis departments. This transparency fosters accountability and permits residents to see the direct influence of their property taxes on metropolis companies.

These on-line assets collectively empower property house owners in Lincoln to handle their tax obligations successfully. By offering handy entry to essential data, these platforms promote transparency, streamline processes, and facilitate knowledgeable decision-making. Using these assets contributes to a extra environment friendly and equitable property tax system, benefiting each particular person property house owners and town as an entire.

8. Lancaster County

Lancaster County performs a pivotal position within the administration of property taxes for Lincoln, Nebraska. Because the county seat, Lincoln falls beneath the jurisdiction of Lancaster County’s administrative framework for property tax evaluation, assortment, and appeals. This jurisdictional relationship straight impacts how property taxes are levied and managed throughout the metropolis. The Lancaster County Assessor’s workplace determines property valuations inside Lincoln, forming the premise for calculating tax liabilities. The Lancaster County Treasurer’s workplace manages the gathering of property taxes, processes funds, and enforces delinquency procedures. This built-in system ensures constant utility of property tax legal guidelines and procedures throughout the county, together with inside Lincoln’s metropolis limits. As an illustration, a property proprietor in Lincoln interacts with Lancaster County workplaces for evaluation appeals, cost inquiries, and different property tax-related issues.

Understanding the county’s position is important for navigating the property tax system in Lincoln. Property house owners should work together with Lancaster County workplaces for varied processes, together with interesting assessments, making funds, and accessing property tax information. The county’s on-line assets, such because the Assessor and Treasurer’s web sites, present helpful data and instruments for managing property tax obligations. For instance, a property proprietor in Lincoln would entry the Lancaster County Assessor’s web site to view their property evaluation and comparable gross sales knowledge. Sensible utility of this understanding ensures environment friendly interplay with the related authorities and facilitates knowledgeable decision-making relating to property tax issues.

In abstract, Lancaster County’s administrative oversight types an integral part of the Lincoln property tax system. The county’s position in evaluation, assortment, and appeals straight impacts property house owners inside Lincoln. Recognizing this connection and using county assets empowers property house owners to navigate the system successfully, making certain compliance and facilitating knowledgeable monetary administration. This understanding underscores the interconnectedness of native governance and property taxation throughout the broader framework of Nebraska’s property tax legal guidelines.

9. Metropolis Providers

Property taxes levied inside Lincoln, Nebraska, represent a main funding supply for a broad vary of important metropolis companies. This income stream straight helps the operational budgets of assorted departments, impacting the standard of life for residents and the general performance of town. Understanding the connection between property tax income and metropolis companies gives helpful perception into the allocation of public funds and the direct influence on the group.

  • Public Security

    A good portion of property tax income funds public security companies, together with police and fireplace departments. These companies are essential for sustaining order, defending residents, and responding to emergencies. For instance, property taxes contribute to police officer salaries, fireplace station upkeep, and emergency response tools. Sufficient funding for public security is important for a safe and thriving group.

  • Infrastructure Upkeep

    Property tax income additionally helps the upkeep and enchancment of significant infrastructure, similar to roads, bridges, and water techniques. These investments are important for facilitating transportation, making certain entry to wash water, and sustaining the general performance of town’s infrastructure. As an illustration, property tax income would possibly fund highway repairs, bridge upkeep, or upgrades to water remedy amenities. Continued funding in infrastructure is essential for financial improvement and the general well-being of the group.

  • Public Training

    Whereas not solely funded by property taxes, public colleges in Lincoln obtain a considerable portion of their funding from this income stream. Property taxes assist instructor salaries, college upkeep, academic applications, and assets. For instance, a portion of property tax income would possibly fund the acquisition of latest textbooks, classroom know-how, or instructor skilled improvement applications. Sufficient funding for public schooling is important for offering high quality schooling and getting ready future generations.

  • Parks and Recreation

    Property tax income contributes to the upkeep and improvement of parks, leisure amenities, and group facilities. These areas present alternatives for recreation, group engagement, and improve the general high quality of life throughout the metropolis. For instance, property taxes would possibly assist park upkeep, the development of latest playgrounds, or group heart applications. Funding in parks and recreation fosters a wholesome and vibrant group atmosphere.

The allocation of property tax income to those important metropolis companies straight impacts the standard of life in Lincoln. These companies contribute to public security, infrastructure improvement, academic alternatives, and leisure facilities. Understanding this connection underscores the significance of accountable fiscal administration and the direct relationship between property taxes and the well-being of the group. Efficient utilization of property tax income ensures that Lincoln stays a thriving and fascinating place to dwell and work.

Regularly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to property taxes in Lincoln, Nebraska, offering concise and informative responses.

Query 1: How is property tax calculated in Lincoln?

The tax is calculated by multiplying the assessed property worth, decided by the Lancaster County Assessor, by the mixed mill levy of all relevant taxing authorities (metropolis, county, college district, and so on.).

Query 2: When are property taxes due?

Funds are usually due in two installments: Might 1st and September 1st. Particular due dates are indicated on the tax invoice.

Query 3: What occurs if property taxes will not be paid on time?

Failure to pay by the due date leads to penalties, curiosity prices, and potential authorized motion, together with liens and foreclosures.

Query 4: How can property house owners attraction their assessments?

Property house owners can attraction assessments they imagine to be inaccurate by contacting the Lancaster County Assessor’s Workplace and following the established appeals course of. Proof supporting the declare should be offered.

Query 5: What exemptions can be found for property taxes in Lincoln?

A number of exemptions, together with homestead exemptions for owner-occupied residences, exemptions for sure disabled veterans and seniors, and exemptions for qualifying nonprofit organizations, might scale back tax legal responsibility. Eligibility necessities apply.

Query 6: The place can property house owners discover extra data and assets relating to property taxes in Lincoln?

The Lancaster County Assessor’s web site, the Lancaster County Treasurer’s web site, the Nebraska Division of Income web site, and the Metropolis of Lincoln web site present complete data relating to property taxes, assessments, funds, and associated procedures.

Understanding these often requested questions gives a foundational understanding of the Lincoln property tax system. Consulting the offered assets affords additional detailed data particular to particular person circumstances.

For additional help or particular inquiries, contacting the related county or metropolis workplaces is beneficial.

Suggestions for Navigating Property Taxes in Lincoln

Cautious administration of property tax obligations is essential for property house owners in Lincoln, Nebraska. The next suggestions present sensible steering for navigating the complexities of this technique successfully.

Tip 1: Perceive Evaluation Procedures: Familiarize your self with how the Lancaster County Assessor determines property values. This understanding permits for knowledgeable analysis of evaluation accuracy and gives a foundation for potential appeals. Consulting assets accessible on the Assessor’s web site affords helpful insights into valuation methodologies and components influencing assessments.

Tip 2: Monitor Cost Deadlines: Mark key deadlines, together with Might 1st and September 1st, on calendars or arrange digital reminders to keep away from late cost penalties. Well timed cost ensures compliance and prevents monetary repercussions.

Tip 3: Discover Accessible Exemptions: Analysis potential exemptions, similar to homestead exemptions for owner-occupied residences or exemptions for veterans and seniors. These exemptions can considerably scale back tax burdens for eligible people. Info relating to exemptions is offered on the Lancaster County Assessor’s web site and the Nebraska Division of Income web site.

Tip 4: Make the most of On-line Assets: Leverage on-line platforms offered by Lancaster County and the Metropolis of Lincoln to entry property data, tax payments, cost choices, and different related assets. These on-line instruments streamline processes and improve transparency.

Tip 5: Keep Correct Information: Hold meticulous information of property tax funds, assessments, and any communication with related authorities. These information are essential for verifying cost historical past, supporting appeals, and resolving potential discrepancies.

Tip 6: Seek the advice of with Professionals: Search steering from tax advisors or actual property attorneys for advanced conditions or when contemplating an attraction. Skilled recommendation can present helpful insights and guarantee compliance with related laws.

Tip 7: Have interaction within the Budgetary Course of: Attend public hearings and take part in discussions relating to town’s finances and property tax charges. Civic engagement ensures accountability and permits group enter on selections impacting property taxes.

By implementing the following tips, property house owners can successfully handle their tax obligations, reduce monetary burdens, and contribute to a extra clear and environment friendly property tax system in Lincoln.

These sensible methods empower property house owners to navigate the complexities of the system and guarantee accountable monetary administration.

Conclusion

This exploration of the Lincoln, Nebraska, property tax system has offered a complete overview of its key elements. From evaluation and fee calculation to cost procedures, appeals processes, and accessible exemptions, the mechanisms influencing property house owners’ tax liabilities have been examined. The importance of Lancaster County’s administrative position and the direct hyperlink between property tax income and important metropolis companies have additionally been highlighted.

Knowledgeable engagement with the property tax system is essential for all stakeholders. Understanding the intricacies of assessments, charges, funds, and exemptions empowers property house owners to handle their obligations successfully. Lively participation within the budgetary course of and utilization of accessible on-line assets fosters transparency and accountability. Continued understanding and engagement contribute to a extra equitable and environment friendly property tax system, supporting the monetary well being of each particular person property house owners and town of Lincoln.